================
Sounds of Korean
================

* There is `liaison <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_(French)>`_ in Korean.
* `There is <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch-accent_language#Korean>`_ `pitch accent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch-accent_language>`_ in Korean, except in Standard Korean and Seoul Dialect. 
  There, it changed into a `pitch register system <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(phonology)>`_. 
  The accent is represented with a high register on the first syllable of a `phonetic word <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_word>`_ in these major dialects.
  Now, the high register is determined by the first letter of a `phonetic word <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_word>`_ and is accompanied by opening up the lower jaw more for vowels.

Prosody
-------

..
  +-----------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------------+
  | 안녕하세요. Annyengxaséyo.  | 안녕하세요? Annyengxaséyo?   | 치킨. 그래. Cikin. Qulé.     | 치킨? 그래? Cikin? Qulé?       |
  +=============================+==============================+==============================+================================+
  | /꜕ɐn.ꜛnʲʌ̞̹.↘︎ŋʱä.sʰe̞.jo˧/ | /꜕ɐn.ꜛnʲʌ̞̹.↘︎ŋʱä.sʰe̞.ꜛjo˥/ | /ꜛ꜓t͡ɕʰɪ̝.kʰɪ̝n˧ ꜕kʰɯ̽.ɾe̞˧/ | /ꜛ꜓t͡ɕʰɪ̝.ꜛkʰɪ̝n˥ ꜕kʰɯ̽.ꜛɾe̞˥/ |
  | (Seoul Dialect) or          |                              | (Seoul Dialect) or           | (Seoul Dialect) or             |
  | /꜕ɐn.ꜛnʲʌ̞̹.↘︎ŋʱä.sʰe̞.jo˩/ |                              | /ꜛ꜓t͡ɕʰɪ̝.kʰɪ̝n˩ ꜕kʰɯ̽.ɾe̞˩/ | /ꜛ꜓t͡ɕʰɪ̝.ꜛkʰɪ̝n˥ ꜕kʰɯ̽.ꜛɾe̞˥/ |
  | (KR's standard)             |                              |                              | (KR's standard)                |
  +-----------------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+--------------------------------+

.. |annyeng| unicode:: U+A715 U+0250 U+006E U+002E U+A71B U+006E U+02B2 U+028C U+031E U+0339 U+002E U+2198 U+014B U+02B1 U+00E4 U+002E U+0073 U+02B0 U+0065 U+031E U+002E U+006A U+006F U+02E7
   :trim:
.. |annyeng1| unicode:: U+A715 U+0250 U+006E U+002E U+A71B U+006E U+02B2 U+028C U+031E U+0339 U+002E U+2198 U+014B U+02B1 U+00E4 U+002E U+0073 U+02B0 U+0065 U+031E U+002E U+006A U+006F U+02E9
   :trim:
.. |annyengQ| unicode:: U+A715 U+0250 U+006E U+002E U+A71B U+006E U+02B2 U+028C U+031E U+0339 U+002E U+2198 U+014B U+02B1 U+00E4 U+002E U+0073 U+02B0 U+0065 U+031E U+002E U+A71B U+006A U+006F U+02E5
   :trim:
.. |cikinQule| unicode:: U+A71B U+A713 U+0074 U+0361 U+0255 U+02B0 U+026A U+031D U+002E U+006B U+02B0 U+026A U+031D U+006E U+02E9 U+0020 U+A715 U+006B U+02B0 U+026F U+033D U+002E U+027E U+0065 U+031E U+02E7
   :trim:
.. |cikinQule1| unicode:: U+A71B U+A713 U+0074 U+0361 U+0255 U+02B0 U+026A U+031D U+002E U+006B U+02B0 U+026A U+031D U+006E U+02E9 U+0020 U+A715 U+006B U+02B0 U+026F U+033D U+002E U+027E U+0065 U+031E U+02E9
   :trim:
.. |cikinQuleQ| unicode:: U+A71B U+A713 U+0074 U+0361 U+0255 U+02B0 U+026A U+031D U+002E U+A71B U+006B U+02B0 U+026A U+031D U+006E U+02E5 U+0020 U+A715 U+006B U+02B0 U+026F U+033D U+002E U+A71B U+027E U+0065 U+031E U+02E5
   :trim:
.. |cikinQuleQ1| unicode:: U+A71B U+A713 U+0074 U+0361 U+0255 U+02B0 U+026A U+031D U+002E U+A71B U+006B U+02B0 U+026A U+031D U+006E U+02E5 U+0020 U+A715 U+006B U+02B0 U+026F U+033D U+002E U+A71B U+027E U+0065 U+031E U+02E5
   :trim:

+-----------------------------+------------------------------+
| 안녕하세요. Annyengxaséyo.  | 안녕하세요? Annyengxaséyo?   |
+=============================+==============================+
| /|annyeng|/                 | /|annyengQ|/                 |
| (Seoul Dialect)             |                              |
|                             |                              |
| or                          |                              |
|                             |                              |
| /|annyeng1|/                |                              |
| (KR's standard)             |                              |
+-----------------------------+------------------------------+

+------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| 치킨. 그래. Cikin. Qulé.     | 치킨? 그래? Cikin? Qulé?       |
+==============================+================================+
| /|cikinQule|/                | /|cikinQuleQ|/                 |
| (Seoul Dialect)              | (Seoul Dialect)                |
|                              |                                |
| or                           | or                             |
|                              |                                |
| /|cikinQule1|/               | /|cikinQuleQ1|/                |
|                              | (KR's standard)                |
+------------------------------+--------------------------------+

#. Statements always end with a low pitch syllable and questions always end with a high pitch syallable (about 7 semitones higher; interval from do to sol). If a sentence is a syllable, the pitch of the monosyllable goes upward or downward if the pitch of the initial of the monosyllable (e.g. ka - low pitch) does not match the sentence type (e.g. question - high pitch).

#. The first syllable of a word has a pitch depending on the first letter. The second syllable has a high pitch (about 4-5 semitones higher; interval from do to mi or fa). The pitch of the following syllables generally go down every syllable unless the word ends with a connecting morpheme, where the last syllable has a high pitch.

There are more rules.

Phonological rules
------------------

There are too many rules. You should always ask Koreans how to write in hangul as well as how to write in hangul *as pronounced* to learn this by practicing.

Sounds with regard to morphophonemes
------------------------------------

I recommend finding a quiet place where you can practice pronuncations without getting heard by people you don't want to disturb.

.. |Y| unicode:: U+026A U+031D U+032F
  :trim:
.. |I| unicode:: U+026A U+031D
  :trim:
.. |E| unicode:: U+026F U+033D
  :trim:
.. |A| unicode:: U+028C U+031E U+0339
  :trim:
.. |U| unicode:: U+028C U+0339
  :trim:
.. |O| unicode:: U+006F U+031E
  :trim:

+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ㅏ                 | ㅑ               | ㅘ               |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| .. only:: html     | .. only:: html   | .. only:: html   |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    |a_web|         |    |ya_web|      |    |wa_web|      |
|                    |                  |                  |
| .. only:: latex    | .. only:: latex  | .. only:: latex  |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    `a`_            |    `ya`_         |    `wa`_         |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| /ä/ ← /ɐ/          | /jㅏ/ ⇦ /ʲㅏ/    | /wㅏ/ ⇦ /ʷㅏ/    |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ㅓ                 | ㅕ               | ㅝ               |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| .. only:: html     | .. only:: html   | .. only:: html   |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    |e_web|         |    |ye_web|      |    |we_web|      |
|                    |                  |                  |
| .. only:: latex    | .. only:: latex  | .. only:: latex  |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    `e`_            |    `ye`_         |    `we`_         |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| / |A| / ← / |U| /  | /jㅓ/ ⇦ /ʲㅓ/    | /wㅓ/ ⇦ /ʷㅓ/    |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ∅                  | ㅛ               | ㅗ               |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
|                    | .. only:: html   | .. only:: html   |
|                    |                  |                  |
|                    |    |yo_web|      |    |wo_web|      |
|                    |                  |                  |
|                    | .. only:: latex  | .. only:: latex  |
|                    |                  |                  |
| o                  |    `yo`_         |    `wo`_         |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ∅                  | /jㅗ/ ⇦ /ʲㅗ/    | /|O|/ ← /o/      |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ㅡ                 | ㅠ               | ㅜ               |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| .. only:: html     | .. only:: html   | .. only:: html   |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    |u_web|         |    |yu_web|      |    |wu_web|      |
|                    |                  |                  |
| .. only:: latex    | .. only:: latex  | .. only:: latex  |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    `u`_            |    `yu`_         |    `wu`_         |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| /|E| /             | /jㅜ/ ⇦ /ʲㅜ/    | /u/              |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ㅐ,                | ㅒ,              | ㅙ,              |
| ㅔ                 | ㅖ               | ㅚ,              |
|                    |                  | ㅞ               |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| .. only:: html     | .. only:: html   | .. only:: html   |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    |eh_web|        |    |yeh_web|     |    |weh_web|     |
|                    |                  |                  |
| .. only:: latex    | .. only:: latex  | .. only:: latex  |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    `eh`_           |    `yeh`_        |    `weh`_        |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| /ɛ/ ← /e/          | /jㅔ/ ⇦ /ʲㅔ/    | /wㅔ/ ⇦ /ʷㅔ/    |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| ㅣ                 | ㅢ               | ㅟ               |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| .. only:: html     | .. only:: html   | .. only:: html   |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    |i_web|         |    |yi_web|      |    |wi_web|      |
|                    |                  |                  |
| .. only:: latex    | .. only:: latex  | .. only:: latex  |
|                    |                  |                  |
|    `i`_            |    `yi`_         |    `wi`_         |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+
| /|I| / ← /i/       | /|Y| ㅣ/ ⇦ /ʲㅣ/ | /wㅣ/ ⇦ /ʷㅣ/    |
+--------------------+------------------+------------------+

.. note::
  - A ← B : B is made full as A if high register, where it is represented by opening up the mouth a little more. i.e. A reduces to B.
  - A ⇦ B: B is hardened as A if no preceding consonant. I.e., combine glide with preceding consonant so that syllables always sound short. i.e. A palatizes as B.

.. |a_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_a.mp3').play()">a</a>

.. |wa_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_wa.mp3').play()">wa</a>

.. |ya_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_ya.mp3').play()">ya</a>

.. |eh_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_eh.mp3').play()">é(eh)</a>

.. |weh_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_weh.mp3').play()">wé(weh)</a>

.. |yeh_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_yeh.mp3').play()">yé(yeh)</a>

.. |i_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_i.mp3').play()">i</a>

.. |wi_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_wi.mp3').play()">wi</a>

.. |yi_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_yi.mp3').play()">yi</a>

.. |u_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_u.mp3').play()">u</a>

.. |wu_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_wu.mp3').play()">wu</a>

.. |yu_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_yu.mp3').play()">yu</a>

.. |e_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_e.mp3').play()">e</a>

.. |we_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_we.mp3').play()">we</a>

.. |ye_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_ye.mp3').play()">ye</a>

.. |wo_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_wo.mp3').play()">wo</a>

.. |yo_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_yo.mp3').play()">yo</a>

.. _a: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_a.mp3
.. _eh: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_eh.mp3
.. _i: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_i.mp3
.. _u: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_u.mp3
.. _e: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_e.mp3

.. _wa: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_wa.mp3
.. _weh: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_weh.mp3
.. _wi: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_wi.mp3
.. _wu: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_wu.mp3
.. _we: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_we.mp3
.. _wo: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_wo.mp3

.. _ya: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_ya.mp3
.. _yeh: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_yeh.mp3
.. _yi: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_yi.mp3
.. _yu: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_yu.mp3
.. _ye: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_ye.mp3
.. _yo: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_yo.mp3

  There's also the ㆊ /üe/ sound. Ask some Korean how they would pronounce the word for "jump" ᄄᆑ!

.. |m| unicode:: U+006D U+034A
  :trim:
.. |n| unicode:: U+006E U+034A
  :trim:
.. |c| unicode:: U+0074 U+0361 U+0255
  :trim:
.. |j| unicode:: U+0064 U+0361 U+0291
  :trim:

+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------------+
|        | .. only:: html |        | .. only:: html |        |       |        |       |        | .. only:: html |
|        |                |        |                |        |       |        |       |        |                |
|        |    |m_web|     |        |    |b_web|     |        |       |        |       |        |    |p_web|     |
|        | .. only:: latex|        | .. only:: latex|        |       |        |       |        | .. only:: latex|
|        |                |        |                |        |       |        |       |        |                |
| ㅁ     |    `m`_        | ㅂ     |    `b`_        | ㅂ/w   | v     | ㅃ     | bb    | ㅍ     |    `p`_        |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------------+
| /|m|/ ← /m/             | /pʰ/ ← /b/              |                | /꜒p/           | /꜓pʰ/                   |
+--------+----------------+--------+--------+-------+                +--------+-------+--------+----------------+
|        | .. only:: html |        | .. only:: html |                |        |       |        | .. only:: html |
|        |                |        |                |                |        |       |        |                |
|        |    |n_web|     |        |    |d_web|     |                |        |       |        |    |t_web|     |
|        | .. only:: latex|        | .. only:: latex|                |        |       |        | .. only:: latex|
|        |                |        |                |                |        |       |        |                |
| ㄴ     |    `n`_        | ㄷ     |    `d`_        |                | ㄸ     | dd    | ㅌ     |    `t`_        |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+                +--------+-------+--------+----------------+
| /|n|/ ← /n/             | /tʰ/ ← /d/              |                | /꜒t/           | /꜓tʰ/                   |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+                +--------+-------+--------+----------------+
|        |                |        | .. only:: html |                |        |       |        | .. only:: html |
|        |                |        |                |                |        |       |        |                |
|        |                |        |    |j_web|     |                |        |       |        |    |c_web|     |
|        |                |        | .. only:: latex|                |        |       |        | .. only:: latex|
|        |                |        |                |                |        |       |        |                |
| ㄷ/ㄹ  | r              | ㅈ     |    `j`_        |                | ㅉ     | jj    | ㅊ     |    `c`_        |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+                +--------+-------+--------+----------------+
|                         |/|c| ʰ/ ← /|j| /         |                | /꜒ |c| /       | /꜓ |c| ʰ/               |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------------+
|        | .. only:: html |        | .. only:: html |        |       |        |       |        | .. only:: html |
|        |                |        |                |        |       |        |       |        |                |
|        |    |l_web|     |        |    |s_web|     |        |       |        |       |        |    |x_web|     |
|        | .. only:: latex|        | .. only:: latex|        |       |        |       |        | .. only:: latex|
|        |                |        |                |        |       |        |       |        |                |
| ㄹ     |    `l`_        | ㅅ     |    `s`_        | ㅅ/∅   | z     | ㅆ     | ss    | ㅎ     |    `x`_        |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------------+
| /l/ɾ/[#]_               | /sʰ/ɕʰ/[#]_             |                | /꜒s/           | /x/ç/ɸ/h/[#]_ ⇦ /ʱ/     |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+                +--------+-------+--------+----------------+
|        | .. only:: html |        | .. only:: html |                |        |       |        | .. only:: html |
|        |                |        |                |                |        |       |        |                |
|        |    |ng_web|    |        |    |q_web|     |                |        |       |        |    |k_web|     |
|        | .. only:: latex|        | .. only:: latex|                |        |       |        | .. only:: latex|
|        |                |        |                |                |        |       |        |                |
| ㆁ     |    `ng`_       | ㄱ     |    `q`_        |                | ㄲ     | qq    | ㅋ     |    `k`_        |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+                +--------+-------+--------+----------------+
| /ŋ/                     | /kʰ/ ← /g/              |                | /꜒k/           | /꜓kʰ/                   |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------------+

..
  +--------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+------------+
  | ㄴ     | `n`_     | ㄷ     | `d`_  |                | ㄸ     | dd    | ㅌ     | `t`_       |
  +--------+----------+--------+-------+                +--------+-------+--------+------------+
  | /|n|/ ← /n/       | /tʰ/ ← /d/     |                | /꜒t/           | /꜓tʰ/               |
  +--------+----------+--------+-------+                +--------+-------+--------+------------+
  | ㄷ/ㄹ  | r        | ㅈ     | `j`_  |                | ㅉ     | jj    | ㅊ     | `c`_       |
  +--------+----------+--------+-------+                +--------+-------+--------+------------+
  |                   |/|c| ʰ/ ← /|j| /|                | /꜒ |c| /       | /꜓ |c| ʰ/           |
  +--------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+------------+
  | ㄹ     | `l`_     | ㅅ     | `s`_  | ㅅ/∅   | z     | ㅆ     | ss    | ㅎ     | `x`_       |
  +--------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+------------+
  | /l/ɾ/[#]_         | /sʰ/ɕʰ/[#]_    |                | /꜒s/           | /x/ç/ɸ/h/[#]_ ⇦ /ʱ/ |
  +--------+----------+--------+-------+                +--------+-------+--------+------------+
  | ㆁ     | `ng`_    | ㄱ     | `q`_  |                | ㄲ     | qq    | ㅋ     | `k`_       |
  +--------+----------+--------+-------+                +--------+-------+--------+------------+
  | /ŋ/               | /kʰ/ ← /g/     |                | /꜒k/           | /꜓kʰ/               |
  +--------+----------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+------------+

.. rubric:: Footnotes

.. [#] ⟨l⟩ strengthens to /ɾ/ between two vowels.
.. [#] ⟨s⟩ `palatalizes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)>`_ as /ɕʰ/ when in front of ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩. 
.. [#] ⟨x⟩ `palatalizes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)>`_ as /ç/ when followed by vowel with ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩. Assimilates to /ɸ/ when in front of ⟨wu⟩. Otherwise aspirates to /h/ unless directly in front of ⟨u⟩.

.. |m_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_m.mp3').play()">m</a>

.. |b_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_b.mp3').play()">b</a>

.. |p_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_p.mp3').play()">p</a>


.. |n_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_n.mp3').play()">n</a>

.. |d_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_d.mp3').play()">d</a>

.. |t_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_t.mp3').play()">t</a>


.. |j_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_j.mp3').play()">j</a>

.. |c_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_c.mp3').play()">c</a>


.. |l_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_l.mp3').play()">l</a>

.. |s_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_s.mp3').play()">s</a>

.. |x_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_x.mp3').play()">x</a>


.. |ng_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_ng.mp3').play()">ng</a>

.. |q_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_q.mp3').play()">q</a>

.. |k_web| raw:: html

  <a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="new Audio('/page/_static/korean-audio/speech_k.mp3').play()">k</a>


.. _m: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_m.mp3
.. _b: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_b.mp3
.. _p: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_p.mp3

.. _n: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_n.mp3
.. _d: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_d.mp3
.. _t: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_t.mp3

.. _j: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_j.mp3
.. _c: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_c.mp3

.. _l: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_l.mp3
.. _s: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_s.mp3
.. _x: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_x.mp3

.. _ng: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_ng.mp3
.. _q: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_q.mp3
.. _k: /page/_static/korean-audio/speech_k.mp3

.. note::
  - A ← B : B gets full or weakened (aspirated/unvoiced) as A if it's the first letter of the phonetic word.

  - A ⇦ B: B gets aspirated as A if no preceding consonant.

  - For syllabic coda, liquids as pronounced as is but the rest of the consonants are pronounced as either /p̚/, /t̚/. or /k̚/.

  - Note how the sounds of consonants differ when in the initial, medial, and final position of a word, and in front of certain vowels.

    - b/p, d/t, q/k, j/c are distinguishable in the word-initial position because ⟨b⟩ is pronounced with a low pitch and ⟨p⟩ is pronounced with a high pitch.

    - b/p, d/t, q/k, j/c are distinguishable in the word-medial position because ⟨b⟩ is voiced and ⟨p⟩ is voiceless, like in English and Japanese.

    - b/bb/p, d/dd/t/j/jj/c/s/ss, q/qq/k are not distinguishable in the word-final position.

  - ⟨l⟩ may be pronounced in two ways depending on the position.

    - Word-initial ⟨l⟩ is pronounced as a light ⟨l⟩, like the word-initial ⟨l⟩ in English. But it is okay to pronouce it as a flap, like the word-medial ⟨t⟩ in General American (e.g. better).

    - Word-medial ⟨ll⟩ before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨e⟩ is pronounced as ⟨lu⟩, before a vowel is pronounced as double light ls ⟨ll⟩, like the word-initial ⟨l⟩ in English. Else, word-medial ⟨l⟩ is prounced as a flap, like the word-medial ⟨t⟩ in General American (e.g. better).

      - Word-medial ⟨lll⟩ is pronounced as <lu> in front of a consonant and as ⟨lul⟩ in front of ⟨e⟩. Else, word-medial ⟨ll⟩ before a consonant is pronounced as <lu>. In these cases, it is written as pronounced instead.

    - Word-final ⟨l⟩ sounds like a light ⟨l⟩, like the word-initial ⟨l⟩ in English.

  - s and ss sound different and are pronounced differently, but they are very similar. 

    - Put the back of your hand a palm away from your mouth. You shouldn't feel much air coming out of your mouth when you pronounce ss, like when you pronounce the English Esssssss.
    - On the contrary, you have to be able to feel the air coming out of your mouth when you pronounce the s sound.

  - ⟨ㅇ⟩ in modern use is actually a combination of two older letters that look very similar. ⟨ㅇ⟩ is a placeholder that is only used word-initially. ⟨ㆁ⟩ is the /ng/ sound only appearing at word-finals. Now you use ⟨ㅇ⟩ for both.

The pitch distinguishes the first consonant of a phonetic word, as voiced consonants are devoiced when they're there. 
The first syllable starting with a voiced or devoiced letter is pronounced with a low pitch. Otherwise, it's high.
Phonemically voiceless consonants have higher pitches.

+---------------------------+----------------------------+
| Low Register (Default: ꜕) | High Register              |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+
| if the first letter of the phonetic word is a          |
+=============+=============+===========+================+
| Basic       | ㅂㄷㅈㄱ    | Voiceless | ㅃㄸㅉㄲㅆ     |
| Consonant   |             | (꜒)       |                |
+-------------+-------------+           |                |
| Liquid      | ㅁㄴㄹ      |           |                |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+
| Vowel       | ㅇ          | Voiceless | ㅍㅌㅊㅋ       |
+-------------+-------------+ aspirated | (ㅅ)           |
| Glide       | ㅇ          | (꜓)       |                |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+----------------+

Learn how to read
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

| Click on the characters on the tables above to listen to the Korean pronunciations of Hangul.
| The following format is used to illustrate the pronunciations of consonants.

| /ba bbei bibubbe/
| /bwa bbwei bwibwubbebwo/
| /bya bbyei byibyubbyebyo/

| Letters (morphophonemes) ⟨v⟩, ⟨z⟩, and ⟨o⟩ are absolutely netralized: that is, they are always pronounced like other phonemes or not pronounced.
| Letters ⟨l⟩ and ⟨r⟩ are pronounced in a complex pattern.
| They are written in Korean how they are pronounced, on the contrary to how Korean is written usually (with morphophonemes).
| They are pronounced as below.


.. math::

  \begin{aligned}
  /\!\!/v/\!\!/
  &\rightarrow
  \begin{cases}
  /w/,&\text{ if vowel follows }\\
  /b/ &\text{ otherwise }
  \end{cases} \\
  /\!\!/r/\!\!/
  &\rightarrow
  \begin{cases}
  /r/,&\text{ if vowel follows }\\
  /d/ &\text{ otherwise }
  \end{cases} \\
  /\!\!/l/\!\!/
  &\rightarrow
  \begin{cases}
  /\!\!/ll/\!\!/,&\text{ if ⟨l⟩ follows }\\
  /r/,&\text{ else if vowel follows }\\
  /l/ &\text{ otherwise }
  \end{cases} \\
  /\!\!/ll/\!\!/
  &\rightarrow
  \begin{cases}
  /\!\!/lll/\!\!/,&\text{ if ⟨l⟩ follows }\\
  /\!\!/lu/\!\!/,&\text{ else if ⟨a⟩ or ⟨e⟩ follows }\\
  /ll/ &\text{ otherwise }
  \end{cases} \\
  /\!\!/lll/\!\!/
  &\rightarrow
  \begin{cases}
  /\!\!/lul/\!\!/,&\text{ if ⟨e⟩ follows }\\
  /\!\!/lu/\!\!/ &\text{ otherwise }
  \end{cases} \\
  /\!\!/z/\!\!/
  &\rightarrow
  \begin{cases}
  /\varnothing/,&\text{ if vowel follows }\\
  /s/ &\text{ otherwise }
  \end{cases} \\
  /\!\!/o/\!\!/
  &\rightarrow
  /\varnothing/
  \end{aligned}